Tribe: Navajo Nation
§ 394. Possession or sale of controlled substances
A. Offense. A person commits an offense pursuant to this section if he
or she possesses, manufactures, transports, sells, uses, trades or delivers:
1. Opium or coca leaves, or any compound, manufacture, salt,
derivative, mixture or preparation thereof, apomorphine and its salts
excepted, and including the following:
a. Acetorphine;
b. Acetyldihydrocodeine;
c. Benylmorphine;
d. Codeine;
e. Codeine methylbromide;
f. Codeine-n-oxide;
g. Cyprenorphine;
h. Desomorphine;
i. Dihydromorphine;
j. Drotebanol;
k. Ethylmorphine;
l. Etorphine; m. Heroin;
n. Hydrocodone;
o. Hydromorphinol;
p. Hydromorphone;
q. Methyldesorphine;
r. Methyldihydromorphine;
s. Metopon;
t. Morphine;
u. Morphine methylbromide;
v. Morphine methylsulfonate;
w. Morphine-n-oxide;
x. Myrophine;
y. Nalorphine;
z. Nicocodeine;
aa. Nicomorphine;
bb. Normorphine;
cc. Oxycodone;
dd. Oxymorphone;
ee. Pholocodine;
ff. Thebacon;
gg. Thebaine;
hh. Cocaine.
2. Any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains
any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, their salts,
isomers and salts of isomers:
a. Lysergic acid diethylamide;
b. Mescaline;
c. Psilocybin;
d. Psilocyn;
e. Hashish;
f. Peyote;
g. 4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine;
h. Bufotenine;
i. Diethultryptamine;
j. 2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine;
k. Dimethyltryptamine;
l. 5-methoxy-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine;
m. 4-methyl-2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine;
n. Ibogaine;
o. Lysergic acid amide;
p. Methoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA);
q. Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA);
r. 3, 4-metyulenedioxymethamphetamine;
s. 3, 4-methylenedioxy-n-ethylamphetamine;
t. N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate (JB-318);
u. N-hydroxy-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine;
v. N-methyl-3-piperidyl bezilate (JB-336);
w. N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) ethylamine (PCE);
x. Nabilone;
y. 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) pyrrolidine (PHP);
z. 1-(1-(2-thienyl)-cyclohexyl) pyrrolidine;
aa. Para-methoxamphetamine (PMA);
bb. Synhexyl;
cc. Trimethoxyamphetamine.
3. Any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains an
amount equal to or more than 1.4% quantity of tetrahydrocannabinol
(T.H.C.).
4. Any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains
any quantity of the following substances and their salts, isomers, and
salts of isomers having a potential for abuse associated with a stimulant
effect on the central nervous system:
a. Amphetamine;
b. Benzphetamine;
c. Cathine ((+)-norpsuedoephedrine);
d. Clorphentermine;
e. Clortermine.
f. Diethylpropion;
g. Fencamfamin;
h. Fenethylline;
i. Fenproporex;
j. Mazindol;
k. Mefenorex;
l. Methamphetamine;
m. 4-methylaminorex;
n. Methylphenidate;
o. N-ethylamphetamine;
p. N, N-dimethylamphetamine;
q. Pemoline;
r. Phendimetrazine;
s. Phenmetrazine;
t. Pipradol;
u. Propylhexedrine;
v. Pyrovalerone;
w. Spa ((-)-1-dimethylamino-1,2-diphenylethane).
5. Any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains
any quantity of the following substances having a potential for abuse
associated with a depressant effect on the central nervous system:
a. Any substance which contains any quantity of a derivative
of barbituric acid, or any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid,
unless specifically excepted;
b. Alprazolam;
c. Bromazepam;
d. Camazepam;
e. Chloral betaine;
f. Chloral hydrate;
g. Chlordiaxepoxide;
h. Chlorhexadol;
i. Clobazam;
j. Clonazepam;
k. Clorazepate;
l. Clotiazepam;
m. Cloxazolam;
n. Delorazepam;
o. Diazepam;
p. Estazolam;
q. Ethchlorvynol;
r. Ethinamate;
s. Ethyl loflazepate;
t. Fenfluramine;
u. Fludiazepam;
v. Flunitrazepam;
w. Flurazepam;
x. Gamma hydroxy butyrate;
y. Glutethimide;
z. Halazepam;
aa. Haloxazolam;
bb. Ketamine;
cc. Ketazolam;
dd. Loprazolam;
ee. Lorazepam;
ff. Lormetazepam;
gg. Lysergic acid;
hh. Metabutamate;
ii. Mecloqualone;
jj. Medazepam;
kk. Meprobamate;
ll. Methaqualone;
mm. Methylprylon;
nn. Midazolam;
oo. Nimetazepam;
pp. Nitrazepam;
qq. Nordiazepam;
rr. Oxazepam;
ss. Oxazolam;
tt. Paraldehyde;
uu. Petrichloral;
vv. Phencyclidine;
ww. Pinazepam;
xx. Praxepam;
yy. Scopolamine;
zz. Sulfondiethylmethane;
aaa. Sulfoethylmethane;
bbb. Sulfomethane;
ccc. Quazepam;
ddd. Temazepam;
eee. Tetrazepam;
fff. Tiletamine;
ggg. Triazolam;
hhh. Zolazepam.
6. Narcotic drugs, including the following, whether of natural or
synthetic origin and any substance neither chemically or physically
distinguishable from them:
a. Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl;
b. Acetylmethadol;
c. Alfentanil;
d. Allyprodine;
e. Alphacetylmethadol;
f. Alphameprodine;
g. Alphamethadol;
h. Alphamethylfentanyl;
i. Alphamethyliofentanyl;
j. Alphaprodine;
k. Amidone (methadone);
l. Anileridine;
m. Benzethidine;
n. Benzylfentanyl;
o. Betacetylmethadol;
p. Betahydroxyfentanyl;
q. Betahydroxy-3-methylfentanyl;
r. Betameprodine;
s. Betamethadol;
t. Betaprodine;
u. Bezitramide;
v. Buphrenorphine and its salts;
w. Cafentanil;
x. Clonitazene;
y. Detropropoxyphene;
z. Diampromide;
aa. Diethylthiambutene;
bb. Difenoxin;
cc. Dihydrocodeine;
dd. Dimenoxadol;
ee. Dimepheptanol;
ff. Dimnethylthiambutene;
gg. Dioxaphetyl butyrate;
hh. Diphenoxylate;
ii. Dipipanone;
jj. Ethylmethyliambutene;
kk. Etonitazene;
ll. Etoxeridine;
mm. Fentanyl;
nn. Furethidine;
oo. Hydroxypethidine;
pp. Isoamidone (isomethadone);
qq. Isonipecaine;
rr. Ketobemidone;
ss. Levomethorphan;
tt. Levoaramide;
uu. Levophenacylmorphan;
vv. Levorphanol;
ww. Metazocine;
xx. 3-methylfentanyl;
yy. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine (MPPP);
zz. 3-Methylthiofentanyl;
aaa. Morpheridine;
bbb. Noracymethadol;
ccc. Norlevorphanol;
ddd. Normethadone;
eee. Norpipanone;
fff. Paraflourofentanyl;
ggg. Pentazocine;
hhh. Phenadoxone;
iii. Phenampromide;
jjj. Phenazocine;
kkk. 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetoxypiperidine (PEPAP);
lll. Phenomorphan;
mmm. Phenoperidine;
nnn. Piminodine;
ooo. Piritramide;
ppp. Prohepatazine;
qqq. Properidine;
rrr. Propiram;
sss. Racemethorphan;
ttt. Racemoramide;
uuu. Racemorphan;
vvv. Sufentanil;
www. Thenylfentanyl;
xxx. Thiofentanyl;
yyy. Tilidine;
zzz. Trimeperidine.
B. Defense. It is a defense to a prosecution under this section that the
controlled substance or narcotic was obtained directly from or pursuant to a
valid prescription or order issued by a practitioner acting in the course of
his or her professional practice.
C. Peyote. The listing of peyote (more commonly known as azee’) in
Subsection A does not apply to the use of azee’ by an enrolled member of an
Indian tribe for bona fide ceremonial purposes in connection with nahaghá.
Individuals who use, possess, or transport azee’ for use in nahaghá are exempt
from this prohibition. Azee’ is lawful on the Navajo Nation.
D. Sentence.
1. Any person found guilty of possession or sale of controlled
substances shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not to exceed
365 days, or be ordered to pay a fine not to exceed five thousand dollars
$5,000, or both.
2. The trial court shall review all charges to ascertain whether
there is a personal victim of the offense(s) and whether restitution or
nályééh shall be paid to the victim(s).
3. The trial court may utilize the services of the Navajo
Peacemaker Court to determine nályééh and make a sentencing
recommendation regarding that sentence, and the trial court may require
the defendant to pay the fee of the peacemaker.
4. The trial court may consider the imposition of a peace or
security bond upon the defendant, including the pledges of family or clan
sureties.
5. Upon the imposition of a bond or security pledges, the district
Office of Probation and Parole shall counsel the sureties of the
consequences of breach of the bond or pledge.
6. The trial court shall consider the utility of labor or community
service sentences, under the supervision of the Navajo Nation Department
of Public Safety or a public or private organization, including the
Chapter in which the defendant resides.
E. Rehabilitation. At the discretion of the court, any person found
guilty of violating this section, and found to be addicted to a controlled
substance, may be ordered to receive rehabilitative treatment pursuant to 17
N.N.C. § 220.